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Earth

Earth

A photomosaic of Earth produced by NASA.
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000.0
Aphelion	152098232 km (1.01671388 AU)
Perihelion	147098290 km (0.98329134 AU)
Semi-major axis	149598261 km (1.00000261 AU)
Eccentricity	0.01671123
Orbital period	365.256363004 d (1.000017421 yr)
Average orbital speed	29.78 km/s (107200 km/h)
Mean anomaly	357.51716 deg
Inclination	7.155 deg to Sun's equator; 1.57869 degto invariable plane.
Longitude of ascending node	348.73936 deg
Argument of perihelion	114.20783 deg
Satellites	One natural satellite; 1070 operational artificial satellites; 21000 pieces of debris over 10 cm  in size (as of 24 October 2013[update])
Physical characteristics
Mean radius	6371.0 km
Equatorial radius	6378.1 km
Polar radius	6356.8 km
Flattening	0.0033528
Circumference	40075.017 km (equatorial) 40007.86 km (meridional)
Surface area	510072000 km2  (148940000 km2 (29.2%) land   361132000 km2 (70.8%) water)
Volume	1.08321×1012 km3
Mass	5.97219×1024 kg (3.0×10-6 Suns)
Mean density	5.515 g/cm
Surface gravity	9.798 m/s2 (0.99732 g)
Moment of inertia factor	0.3307
Escape velocity	11.186 km/s
Sidereal rotation period	0.99726968 d (23h 56m 4.100s)
Equatorial rotation velocity	1,674.4 km/h (465.1 m/s)
Axial tilt	23 deg 26 min 21.4119
Albedo	0.367 geometric 0.306 Bond
Surface temp. min mean max Kelvin 184 K 288 K 330 K Celsius −89.2 °C 15 °C 56.7 °C
Atmosphere
Surface pressure	101.325 kPa (at MSL)
Composition	78.08% nitrogen (N2)[3(dry air) 20.95% oxygen (O2) 0.930% argon 0.039% carbon dioxide ~ 1% water vapor (climate-variable)

Earth, also known as "the Earth" and "the World" and sometimes referred to as the "Blue Planet", the "Blue Marble", Terra or "Gaia", is the third-closest planet to the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets and the only celestial body known to accommodate life. It is home to millions of species, including a global population of humans,that are supported and nourished by its biosphere and minerals. The human population is grouped into around two-hundred independent sovereign states that interact, among other means, through diplomacy, conflict, travel, trade and media.